9/25/2023 0 Comments Cutting plastic eyeballsA pressure bandage is often put on to help with swelling.The operation takes about one to two hours.After this, any pain is usually well controlled by painkillers. This is usually effective in relieving pain for several hours after your operation. During the operation, you will be given an injection of local anesthesia.A conformer (thin plastic shell) will be placed in the eye socket at the end of the operation to help maintain the shape of the socket and reduce swelling.The implant may be connected to the eye muscles to enable movement of the implant and the artificial eye when it is later fitted.The implant is made out of silicone, plastic, and porous implants such as Medpor (porous polyethylene), hydroxyapatite or bioceramic.A marble size ball implant is placed behind conjunctiva tissue in your socket to replace lost tissue volume when your eye is removed.There can be some side effects with both local and general anesthesia including nausea and vomiting.Both surgeries are performed in the operating room and usually under general anesthesia but can also be safely performed using local anesthesia with sedation.Your surgeon will advise which surgery is most appropriate for you. Why choose one procedure over another?Įnucleation is generally the procedure used if the eye is being removed to treat an intraocular tumor, severe infection, or to reduce the risk of developing a severe autoimmune condition (called sympathetic ophthalmia) following trauma to the eye.Įvisceration is a less invasive procedure and may be an option depending on the condition of the eye to be operated on. An infected eye may become worse and the infection may spread making treatment and pain management more difficult. An intraocular tumor may continue to grow or spread to other parts of the body making treatment more difficult. There can be a number of different outcomes if you choose not to have your eye removed. What will happen if I choose not to have surgery? If you feel that you need further information, please ask your doctor. There may be other treatments available and your doctor will have discussed these with you. Are there any alternative treatments available? Removal of an eye may be required following a severe injury, to remove an intra-ocular tumor (tumors inside the eye), to control pain in a blind eye, to alleviate a severe infection inside the eye, or for cosmetic improvement of a disfigured eye. Why is enucleation or evisceration necessary? An Ophthalmologist is a specialist in the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye.An Ocularist is someone who specializes in the fabrication and fitting of ocular prostheses for people who have lost an eye or eye due to trauma or illness.The prosthesis replaces the conformer and fits over an orbital implant and under the eyelids. An Ocular Prosthesis (artificial eye) is a type of prosthesis that replaces an absent natural eye following an enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exoneration.The conformer will remain in place for 6 to 8 weeks while the eye socket heals and swelling subsides. Use of the conformer makes a significant clinical difference in patients. Conformers are small, acrylic-cup shaped devices whose inner surfaces are shaped to approximately the curvature of the orbit.
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9/24/2023 0 Comments Standard keyboard layout imageRemember, I read and reply to every comment. So next time you tap away on your keyboard or glide across a virtual keyboard on your smartphone, remember the legacy of QWERTY and the dance of your fingertips.ĭid I cover everything you wanted to know? Let me know in the comments section below. ConclusionĪnd there you have it, a glimpse into the captivating world of the QWERTY keyboard layout! From its typewriter roots to its dominance in the digital era, QWERTY has proven its staying power. In fact, most ergonomic keyboards will be QWERTY. You don’t have to choose one or the other. Well, you can still have a QWERTY keyboard that is also Ergonomic. Want to learn how you can use a keyboard to type or ? Watch this video called “Making Music With My Gamer Keyboard” from the Eliminate YouTube channel. Limited Adaptability: While alternative layouts, such as the Dvorak keyboard, have been developed for increased speed and efficiency, the QWERTY layout remains the dominant standard, limiting the widespread adoption of alternatives.Lack of Ergonomics: Due to the layout’s historical design, some argue that it may not be the most ergonomic option, potentially leading to discomfort or repetitive strain injuries.Inefficiency: The QWERTY layout has been criticized for its inefficiency, as it was designed to prevent jamming on typewriters rather than optimize typing speed and finger movement.Compatible with Existing Systems: QWERTY keyboards are compatible with a vast array of devices and operating systems, ensuring seamless integration.Widespread Availability: QWERTY keyboards are widely available and relatively inexpensive, making them accessible to a wide range of users. Familiarity: The QWERTY layout is deeply ingrained in our typing habits, making it easy for users to adapt and improve their typing speed.Let’s take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of the QWERTY keyboard layout: Advantages of the QWERTY layout With any technology or system, there are always pros and cons to consider. Source: Unsplash Advantages and disadvantages of the QWERTY layout So, embrace the dance of your fingertips across the glass, and let the virtual keyboard become an extension of your digital self! Close-up of hands typing on a laptop. In this digital age, virtual QWERTY keyboards offer the ultimate convenience and accessibility, allowing us to type on the go with a touch of finesse. Take advantage of auto-correction and predictionĪvoid pounding on the virtual keys too forcefullyĭon’t forget to adjust keyboard settings for your likingĭos and don’ts of using virtual QWERTY keyboards Here are a few dos and don’ts when it comes to virtual QWERTY keyboards: Dosįamiliarize yourself with the layout and featuresĭon’t succumb to touchscreen typos – proofread your text! 9/24/2023 0 Comments Runescape blue party hatData acquired by the Grand Exchange central is publicly available factual information provided by Jagex Ltd and the RuneScape Grand Exchange website. Usage of Grand Exchange Central content on any other site is strictly prohibited. Jagex and RuneScape are registered trademarks of Jagex Limited. Item images are the property of Jagex Ltd. Finally, for the more financially minded people, players can attempt to become rich within the virtual world by studying and investing in the RuneScape economy which is influenced by millions of player transactions every day.Ĭentral SM This website, its contents, and e-mailings are copyright © 2008 - 2023 Ryan Schuster, all rights reserved. Players may also take part in special quests, mini games, or other community activities. In addition to combat, players can train various skills such as cooking, fishing and crafting. Here players can fight computer generated monsters such as demons, giants, and dragons or players can fight other players in limited combat games or anywhere in the RuneScape landscape on special player vs player worlds. RuneScape uses the medieval theme of Dungeons and Dragons. Other well known MMORPGs include World of Warcraft and more loosely, SecondLife. Like other MMORPGs, RuneScape is a computer generated role-playing games that allows huge numbers of players to meet and interact in a virtual fantasy world. WHAT IS RUNESCAPE? RuneScape is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) created by Andrew Gower and operated by Jagex Ltd. Summaries are researched through many sources, in particular our friends at the most useful RuneScape resource on the internet, RuneScape Wiki. Because of this, it can not be purchased through the Grand Exchange. Due to programming language issues, it is currently impossible to buy a blue Party Hat completely with GP and must be acquired through a combination of item trades. Players view this item as an incredible status symbol and therefore trade rare items until they have upgraded all the way to the blue party hat. The blue Party Hat may not be the most rare item in RuneScape even though its the most expensive item. The Party Hat continues to crop up in further stories about the Wise Old Man. According to the Wise Old Man mythology, while robbing the Draynor bank, he can be seen on the bank security video supposedly killing Elfinlocks and stealing her blue Party Hat from her remains. Not only is this one of the most expensive RuneScape items, it is also the first item to hit the 1 billion GP mark.īecause of its incredible rarity and fame, Jagex incorporated the blue Party Hat into some of it's quest story lines. Please send a bug report to Jagex telling them how you got that hat.This very rare item was originally contained within a Christmas Cracker which was dropped around Christmas time 2001. Attempting to do so would yield the message: "That item isn't tradeable. However, this partyhat uses a different item ID and players could not wear it or trade it. During the Draynor Bank Robbery cutscene, players could misuse a bug where they could pick up the partyhat that the Wise Old Man telegrabs.During the 2014 Christmas event, players could deliver a present to the Wise Old Man, which, as it turned out, was a blue partyhat (t).A blue partyhat can be seen on the roof of the Well of Goodwill. Along with the red partyhat, this item was the first to pass the 1 billion price mark on the Grand Exchange on 3 March 2011.You can ask him again after the Love Story quest, although he will refuse, as he has already lent it to Zenevivia. During the Swan Song quest, the player will ask the Wise Old Man for the blue partyhat at the end of the quest as a reward however, he refuses.The Wise Old Man, Zenevivia and Elfinlocks are the only NPCs that wear this hat.SourceĪ blue partyhat on the roof of the Well of Goodwill. For an exhaustive list of all known sources for this item, see here. To force an update of this list, click here. This was so players could use these items in combat to assist in hunting for festive crackers during the event.ĭrop sources This list was created dynamically. During the 15 Days of Christmas in 2013, this item, along with other Christmas-themed equipment, were given the Hybrid style of combat, and stats that scaled with the player's levels. 9/24/2023 0 Comments Blufftitler delete layersTo prevent this initialization time to appear in your exported video when using a playlist or server rendering, you can use the Pre-export simulation time option int the FILE > Show properties. It takes a few simulation steps before the flag hangs realistically. The flag is not reset when you start playing/exporting and the wind noise is random so the cloth looks different every time. The cloth simulation is not deterministic. In this model the vertices of the cloth model are connected with springs. The waving flag layer is simulated using a mass spring damper model. I appreciate that you did the lower third I asked you some days ago. To quickly switch between your own shows and the ones that came with the installer, click on the Personal and App buttons in the upper right corner of the file dialog. Create your own hot breaking news stories in BluffTitler with a background picture and some text and scroller layers Download media files (121.4 KB) Dear Michiel, Thanks for keeping your promice to me An examble of responsibility. This way you can correct your errors and make your handwriting as smooth and charming as you want. In version 4 you can fully edit your sketches. Version 4.0 implements the 3 most asked feature requests: Edit functionality. layers, which do not pertain to your effect. Bixelangelo is a tool for creating EPS files for use in the EPS and Sketch layers of BluffTitler. Which means, delete camera, light, text, etc. and select a show from the BluffTitler/Media/Shows/Wavingflag folder. Delete all layers that do not directly pertain to the effect you wish to save. The installer comes with shows demonstrating the possibilities of the waving flag layer. The new waving flag layer can be selected from the layers dropdown to make it the active layer. Select the Layer and click 'OK' to delete it. If there are no such objects, use the LAYDEL command to delete the layers: Enter LAYDEL on the command line. How do I add a waving flag layer?Ĭhoose LAYER > Add layer > Add waving flag layer. Solution: It's not possible to delete or purge a layer if there are objects on the layer or if objects are referencing the layer. With the waving flag layer you can render a waving flag. What can I do with the waving flag layer? 9/24/2023 0 Comments Upcoming tim burton moviesThe short would finally go on public display in 2009 at the Museum of Modern Art, and again in 2011 as part of the Tim Burton art exhibit at LACMA. Having aired once in 1983 at 10:30 pm on Halloween and promptly shelved, prints of the film are extremely difficult to locate, fueling rumors that the project did not exist. This was followed by Burton's first live-action production, Hansel and Gretel, a Japanese-themed adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale for the Disney Channel, which climaxes in a kung fu fight between Hansel and Gretel and the witch. The film was shown at the Chicago Film Festival and released, alongside the teen drama Tex, for two weeks in one Los Angeles cinema. The film was produced by Rick Heinrichs, whom Burton had befriended while working in the concept art department at Disney. While at Disney in 1982, Burton made his first short, Vincent, a six-minute black-and-white stop motion film based on a poem written by Burton, which depicts a young boy who fantasizes that he is his hero Vincent Price, with Price himself providing narration. His concept art never made it into the finished films. He worked as an animator, storyboard artist, graphic designer, art director, and concept artist on films such as The Fox and the Hound (1981), Tron (1982), and The Black Cauldron (1985). Stalk of the Celery Monster attracted the attention of Walt Disney Productions, which offered Burton an animator's apprenticeship at its animation division. As a student at CalArts, Burton made the shorts Stalk of the Celery Monster and King and Octopus. After graduating from Burbank High School, Burton attended the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, Santa Clarita, to study character animation. His future work would be heavily influenced by the works of such childhood heroes as Dr. Burton was an introspective person and found pleasure in artwork, painting, drawing, and watching movies. He played on the water polo team at Burbank High. Burton attended Burbank High School but was not a particularly good student. As a preteen, Burton would make short films in his backyard at 2101 North Evergreen Street using crude stop motion animation techniques or shooting on 8 mm film without sound (one of his oldest known juvenile films is The Island of Doctor Agor, which he made when he was 13 years old). His accolades include nominations for two Academy Awards and three BAFTA Awards, and wins for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award.īurton was born on August 25, 1958, in Burbank, California, the son of Jean Burton ( née Erickson, 1933–2002), later the owner of a cat-themed gift shop, and William "Bill" Burton (1930–2000), a former minor league baseball player who was working for the Burbank Parks and Recreation Department. A follow-up to that book, entitled The Napkin Art of Tim Burton: Things You Think About in a Bar, containing sketches made by Burton on napkins at bars and restaurants he visited, was released in 2015. Burton also wrote and illustrated the poetry book The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories, published in 1997 by British publishing house Faber and Faber, and a compilation of his drawings, sketches, and other artwork, entitled The Art of Tim Burton, was released in 2009. Burton also directed the superhero films Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992), the sci-fi film Planet of the Apes (2001), the fantasy-drama Big Fish (2003), the musical adventure film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and the fantasy films Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016).īurton has often worked with actors Winona Ryder, Michael Keaton, Johnny Depp, Lisa Marie (his former girlfriend), Helena Bonham Carter (his former domestic partner) and composer Danny Elfman, who scored all but three of Burton's films. He is known for his gothic fantasy and horror films such as Beetlejuice (1988), Edward Scissorhands (1990), The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), Ed Wood (1994), Sleepy Hollow (1999), Corpse Bride (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) and Dark Shadows (2012), as well as the television series Wednesday(2022). Timothy Walter Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American filmmaker, animator, and artist. 9/24/2023 0 Comments Whole rest signAn examination of NCAA student-athlete sudden deaths between 20 found cardiovascular-related sudden death was the leading cause of death in 45 cases, or about 9 each year, according to a 2011 study. Sudden cardiac arrest among young athletes is rare but not unheard of. It may be fatal if not immediately treated, but it can be reversed by CPR and shocks from a defibrillator, according to the American Heart Association. And that inspires me.”Ĭardiac arrest occurs when electrical disturbances cause the heart to suddenly stop beating. And no matter how far they choose to go, they’re not cheating this game. “See, they’re on their own basketball journey. “I’m so proud of these two men standing right behind me tonight,” he said, pointing at his teenage sons. It’s not about the money at that point.”Īt the ESPY Awards two weeks ago, James stood on stage alongside his wife, Savannah, and sons Bronny, Bryce and daughter Zhuri, who he described as the “greatest blessing in my life.” I would do whatever it takes to play with my son for one year. “Wherever Bronny is at, that’s where I’ll be. “My last year will be played with my son,” James told the Athletic in 2022. (Photo by Brian Spurlock/Icon Sportswire (Icon Sportswire via AP Images) Brian Spurlock/Icon Sportswire/APīronny James, son of NBA superstar LeBron James, commits to the University of Southern California HOUSTON, TX - MARCH 28: McDonalds High School All American Bronny James (6) talks with his father LeBron James after the 2023 McDonalds High School All American Boys Game at Toyota Center. The 6-foot-3 combo guard was rated a four-star recruit and shined in the McDonald’s All-American Game in March featuring some of the country’s top high school basketball players. “LeBron and Savannah wish to publicly send their deepest thanks and appreciation to the USC medical and athletic staff for their incredible work and dedication to the safety of their athletes.”īronny, 18, is an incoming freshman for USC’s basketball team after graduating from Sierra Canyon High School in Los Angeles this spring. “We ask for respect and privacy for the James family and we will update media when there is more information. He is now in stable condition and no longer in ICU,” the statement said. Medical staff was able to treat Bronny and take him to the hospital. “Yesterday while practicing Bronny James suffered a cardiac arrest. He is out of the intensive care unit and in stable condition, the statement said. Bronny James, the older son of NBA star LeBron James, suffered a cardiac arrest during basketball practice at the University of Southern California and was hospitalized Monday, according to a statement from a family spokesperson. 9/24/2023 0 Comments Currency converter pound usdAmount of business interest or growth in a market.Concerns about the safety/health of the country's market (which is why a war-torn country has a low-value currency).X Research source Other things that affect currency include: A high demand for a currency usually means that currency increases value. Meanwhile, the US market, which spent pounds to get dollars, sees the USD decrease in value, since more of the wealth is in Dollars, giving them less demand. There are fewer pounds now, so the value of each pound goes up. This means that pounds are flowing out of England and being converted to other money, making the pounds left in England a more valuable good that the US has demand for. In order to buy their goods, the US store must purchase the goods with pounds, then sell them for US dollar. At the halfway mark through the year, the GBP/USD exchange rate has gained 5.6. Image a firm in London wants to sell to the US stores. The British Pound has upward momentum against the US Dollar so far in 2023. This is because currency, like anything else, is a tradable good. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England their governments guarantee convertibility at par.Know that currency rates fluctuate based on global demand for that currency. The Bank of England is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves. Together with those three currencies and Renminbi, it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights. It is currently the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen. Sterling is the world's oldest currency that is still in use and that has been in continuous use since its inception. In British English, its most common nickname is "quid." The pound is the main unit of sterling, and the word "pound" is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling. Sterling is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. dollar became an important international reserve currency after the First World War, and displaced the pound sterling as the world's primary reserve currency by the Bretton Woods Agreement towards the end of the Second World War. The USD to GBP forecast at the end of the month 0.741, change for February -1.9. Dollar to Pound forecast for February 2024. Since 1971, all links to gold have been repealed. The USD to GBP forecast at the end of the month 0.755, change for January 2.4. From 1934, its equivalence to gold was revised to $35 per troy ounce. The Gold Standard Act of 1900 linked the dollar solely to gold. dollar was originally defined under a bimetallic standard of 371.25 grains fine silver or, from 1837, 23.22 grains fine gold, or $20.67 per troy ounce. The monetary policy of the United States is conducted by the Federal Reserve System, which acts as the nation's central bank. To convert Pounds to Dollars or determine the Pound Dollar exchange rate simply use the currency converter on the right. banknotes are issued in the form of Federal Reserve Notes, popularly called greenbacks due to their predominantly green color. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it into 100 cents, and authorized the minting of coins denominated in dollars and cents. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. In some areas of Europe and in the retail market in the United Kingdom, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the fixed currency to. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. For example, in a conversion from EUR to AUD, EUR is the fixed currency, AUD is the variable currency and the exchange rate indicates how many Australian dollars would be paid or received for 1 euro. 9/24/2023 0 Comments Plenty of fish login for saleWe Handle Any Paper Writing Task for High School, College, and Grad School If you want to make the most of these and other benefits, start by typing “Help me write my essay” in live chat, and we’ll see what we can do for you. We realize how tight money can be for students, so we keep our prices as low as possible while still keeping the writers happy and motivated. Affordable rates that ensure the best value for money.We adhere to local and international data protection regulations and keep the specifics of your order private, so your school can never learn about your paper from us. Detailed confidentiality terms that protect your personal and financial data.Although our writers do their best to meet your expectations on the first try, we guarantee free revisions and make the revision process easy and painless for everyone involved. Free and frictionless revision process.You can get answers to all your questions, paper progress updates, and other help whenever you need it. With our 24/7 support, you don’t have to wait for office hours to ask “Can you do my paper for me?”. Round-the-clock access to human support agents.In our experience, a combination of writer training, strict citation procedures, and a mandatory plagiarism check ensure the best results for our clients. For instance, our write my paper service employs hundreds of experts across the most popular majors, so we can handle anything from Anatomy to Zoology. Academic writers with proven experience in your major.We suggest you look for these staples of a solid writing service WritePaperForMe has in spades: Although you may be lucky enough to stumble upon a reliable company by accident, choosing a trustworthy service requires some research. But unfortunately, you cannot trust the first company you find, tell the writers “Write a paper for me”, and hope for the best. Why Should I Choose Write Paper For Me As My School Assistant?Ī quick Google search will unearth dozens of do-my-paper services, adding to your stress, instead of alleviating it. And nowadays, it’s as easy as typing “Make an essay for me” in live chat. Luckily, you don’t have to suffer in silence or give up on your dream of a college degree. You’re not alone, and it’s perfectly normal to struggle in a new environment and buckle under the weight of elevated expectations. So don’t feel bad if your thoughts go from “Can someone write my paper?” to “Write me a paper asap!” within the first few weeks of the college term. If you try to stay on top of all your responsibilities, you’ll likely burn out or suffer an anxiety attack sooner rather than later. You will soon forget about your plans to discover the party scene, visit your parents every other weekend, or find your soulmate on campus. Not only is it your first attempt at independent life free from parents’ oversight, but it’s also a completely new level of academic requirements and independent study many aren’t ready for.Īnd if you’re an overachiever or a perfectionist, keeping up with all the classes, assignments, extracurriculars, and side gigs will keep you up most nights. After all, college is an eye-opening experience for most students. If this is something you are interested in then contact us and ask.If you’re suddenly wondering, “Can someone do my paper for me?”, there’s likely a very good reason for that. Whatever the reason we can create and sell a complete Plenty Of Fish account to you. You want multiple POF accounts to increase the amount of dating activity.In fact a lot of the fake profiles you see on POF were created to market and sell memberships to other dating sites. You want to create fake POF accounts for the purpose of selling something.If you buy POF account it saves you a lot of time and tedium. One of the reasons POF does this is to make sure you are human and NOT a bot. This is the most tedious and time consuming part of creating a Plenty Of Fish profile. Creating a POF account takes too much time with all the questionaire option buttons.POF has deleted you account for no apparent reason, with no explanation to you (rude) and every time you try to create an account it gets deleted in a matter of a few days or less. There are many reasons you may wish to buy POF account and some of the more common reasons include: 9/24/2023 0 Comments Black magic iconIt is even said that using a lemon and running it around the person under the spell in an anti-clock wise manner also helps a great deal in dealing with these evil forces. It works at the level of the Absolute Cosmic Water Principle (70%) and Absolute Cosmic Earth Principle (30 per cent).This is due to contact with the black frequencies escaping from the body. It has also been observed that sometimes after the salt water remedy, the water becomes blackish in colour, it acquires a foul smell or sometimes the water becomes warmer. 7,359 black magic symbols illustrations & vectors are available royalty-free. This is a sign of black energy coming out. Sometimes there is a feeling of sliminess on the immersed feet. As black energy is going out, it may be accompanied by symptoms like yawning, burping, numbness of legs, warmth in the ears and eyes, etc.The salt water (water with rock salt) itself has the property of being able to suck out black energy.The chanting and prayer cause the dislodgement and disintegration of the black energy particles generated in various parts of our being, by the evil spirits.Ghosts attack us in this weakened state, infuse more black energy and play up the symptoms to an even greater extent. When we are experiencing any one of the above symptoms, we are in a weakened state physically, emotionally or spiritually. Excessive thoughts especially when they are negative in nature.The saltwater treatment should especially be done when one experiences symptoms such as: Performing the saltwater water treatment on a daily basis helps to remove this black energy from our body. As a result, most of us have some degree of black energy covering. From the strip-tease comedy Magic Mike XXL to the surprisingly gripping documentary Money Shot: The Pornhub Story, and. The majority of us are affected by ghosts to varying degrees. Below, you’ll find 8 films to choose from, that are sure to heat things up. Instead, it can be used to bring about our spiritual growth. By doing so, we do not waste our spiritual practice in counteracting black energy. The saltwater remedy is a simple but powerful spiritual remedy to counteract harmful unseen black energy and drain it out of our system. Free Black magic icons, logos, symbols in 50+ UI design styles. 9/23/2023 0 Comments Suzerain vassal treaty deuteronomySince we know when those empires existed if we can see a distinct match between the Pentateuch covenants and those S/V covenants of other nations then a date can be placed on the writing of the Pentateuch. Kenneth Kitchen gives a large amount of information about the changes to the suzerain covenant forms of the surrounding nations (during the era of the empires of those nations, such as the Hittite Empire, when they were producing Suzerain/Vassal covenants) in his book "On the Reliability of the Old Testament". And the date of the Exodus obviously affects the date of the writing of the books of and by Moses. However, Kenneth Kitchen believes the Exodus happened about 1260 BC (Late Exodus) and Bryant Wood believes the Exodus happened 1446 BC (Early Exodus). This is what the evidence of the covenant forms from the Pentateuch compared to the covenant forms of the surrounding nations is telling them: and this is why the seeking of a match with the covenant forms of the surrounding nations is so valuable. In the red corner we have Dr Bryant Wood.īoth take the Bible seriously, both believe the Exodus actually happened, and both argue that the Pentateuch was written before 1200 BC: both are emphatic that the Pentateuch could not have been written after this date, and the match of covenant structure in the Pentateuch with covenants before 1200 BC is yet another piece of strong evidence against a late writing of the books. So in the blue corner we have Professor Kenneth Kitchen with a lot about the different covenant forms over the centuries in the Ancient Near East (ANE). The aim of finding a match between the suzerain covenant form of the Pentateuch and that of the ancient suzerain covenants is to put a date on the Pentateuch, the supposition being the author of the Pentateuch has used/copied the covenant form of the era in which he wrote. One of main issues of discussion amongst archaeologists (not theologians) is not where suzerain covenants per se orginated, but which covenant forms the covenants of the Pentateuch are most similar to in structure. The suzerain covenant structures differ between empires and over the centuries. The terms of such covenants are decided by the suzerain king, they are not negotiated between the two kings. A suzerain covenant is a covenant between a sovereign king (suzerain), in effect an emperor, and a vassal king and thus with the vassal nation. What are some evidences against my argument?Ī covenant is simply a binding agreement or treaty. Also, God who had previously made covenants with Adam, Abraham, and Noah followed the same pattern when He made another covenant with Moses. Hence, I would rather believe that ANE people had an understanding of a covenant (or treaty) from the covenant of Noah. So, the concept of covenant lingers in both believers and unbelievers. Jacob swore by YHWH., but Laban swore not by YHWH, but rather by the god of Nahor. We also see that Laban and Jacob made a covenant. The knowledge of the covenant was passed down through them, even until Moses' time, who then wrote everything down. After the covenant, the Scripture recounts the descendants of Noah's sons (Gen. Right after the flood, God made a covenant with Noah (Gen. 9:19) and his sons because of the Great Flood. All human in ANE region (if not the whole world) were derived from Noah (Gen. I'm rather inclined to think otherwise that ANE treaties were derived from Noahic covenant and Mosaic covenant followed the pattern of previous biblical covenants (Adamic, Abrahamaic, Noahic). Why do some theologians argue that the Mosaic covenant follows ANE treaties? For example, here is the view of Meredith Kline: Suzerain Treaties & The Covenant Documents the Bible. I often heard theologians said that Mosaic covenant followed the structure of Ancient Near East (ANE) treaties that were there in Moses' time. |
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